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Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Ishaq al-Fayyad (also Fayad, Fayyadh; (アラビア語:محمد إسحاق الفياض)) (born in 1930) is one of the most senior Shi'a marja living in Iraq after Ali al-Sistani.〔(List of Maraji in Arabic )〕〔( Official website )〕 Born in a village in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan to Hazara parents, he holds Iranian and Afghani citizenships. His family were farmers and he started learning the Qur'an from the village cleric when he was five. When he was 10 his family moved to Najaf where he studied various Islamic studies including Arabic language, rhetoric, logic, Islamic philosophy, the Hadith and Islamic jurisprudence, eventually studying under Grand Ayatollah Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei. When al-Khoei died in 1992 he supported Ali al-Sistani as the chair of the marjaiya in Najaf.〔(Grand Ayatullah Muhammad Ishaq Fayyad ), ''Encyclopedia of Modern Middle East Wars'' (republished), 27 January 2009〕 Under Saddam Hussein he adopted a quietist approach, avoiding politics and confrontation with the government. Following the Invasion of Iraq by the United States and allies in 2003, al-Fayyad engaged more than any other marja with the occupying American and British military and diplomats, informing them of the views of the senior clerics. He adopted similar positions to al-Sistani and the other marjaiya: supporting a united Shiite slate for the first Iraqi elections; calling for Islam to be the sole source of Iraqi law; supporting a yes vote in the referendum on the constitution;〔(Le principal parti chiite appelle à voter «oui» à la Constitution ), (French) ''Maghress'', 2005-09-24, accessed on 2010-06-17〕 rejecting a secular Iraq; and opposing the adoption of doctrine of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists as adopted by the Islamic Republic of Iran.〔 However, of all the marja'iyya Fayyad is reported to be the biggest opponent of the concept of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists.〔(BEYOND THE BATTLE, THE QUIET STRUGGLE FOR IRAQ'S FUTURE ), ''Financial Times Magazine'', 2004-08-15, accessed on 2010-06-17〕 However, this report is contradicted by the official website of the Shi'a Marja, wherein he remarks, "The correct opinion regarding the issue of "Vilayat-e-Faqih" (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) is that this issue requires no external proof, because the continuation of Islamic law, and its application, is dependent upon the continuation of the system of Vilayat". He continues, "The vilayat of the Prophet and the immaculate Imams, and in the time of the major occultation of the 12th Imam, the Islamic Jurist is bestowed with this vilayat ... It is unimaginable that Islamic Law could continue to exist without the continuation of this vilayat".〔(THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF SHEIKH ISHAQ AL-FAYYAD, IN ANSWER TO QUESTIONS REGARDING THE ISSUE OF "THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THE JURIST" )〕 Furthermore, he is one of the Ulama signatories of the Amman Message, which gives a broad foundation for defining Muslim orthodoxy.〔(Al-Fayyad's official reply to Amman Message )〕 In 2007 press reports indicated that he was supervising the religious studies of the radical cleric Muqtada al-Sadr.〔 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muhammad al-Fayadh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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